From an old thread with the same question:
www.ct200hforum.com
The manual from the online Lexus service says:
"Micro dust and pollen filter button.
Operates micro dust and pollen filter on/off. Outside air mode switches to (recirculated air) mode. Pollen is removed from the air and the air flows to the upper part of the body. Usually the system will turn off automatically after approximately 3 minutes."

What is the function of this button?
Filtered air? If so, is the air not always filtered?
The manual from the online Lexus service says:
"Micro dust and pollen filter button.
Operates micro dust and pollen filter on/off. Outside air mode switches to (recirculated air) mode. Pollen is removed from the air and the air flows to the upper part of the body. Usually the system will turn off automatically after approximately 3 minutes."